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The first step involves hydroxylation of C-C bonds to release primary or secondary alcohols, which are oxidized to ketones or aldehydes, and subsequently to hydrophilic carboxylic acids (Alvarez, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2003). 27, 292293. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate). Environ. For many outdoor applications, the simple addition of carbon black Several studies on PET degradation revealed that all known PET hydrolases belong to the cutinase group (Tokiwa and Calabia, 2007; Zimmermann and Billig, 2011; Baker et al., 2012). Some of these are: * Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * Microbial * Lett. Microb. Currently, several organic UV stabilizers with different maximum absorption bonds are produced commercially. 87, 17531764. Polym. Improved enzymatic polyurethane hydrolysis by tuning enzymesorption. Biotechnol. Ethylene glycol. Biotechnol. Adv. Microbiol. Engin/Biotechnol. In latter approach, cutinases (from T. cellulosilytica and T. fusca) were fused to binding domains like polyhydroxyalkanoate binding modules (PBM) (Ribitsch et al., 2013), carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) (Zhang et al., 2010; Ribitsch et al., 2013) and hydrophobins (Ribitsch et al., 2015). Enzymatic recovery of polyester building blocks from polymer blends. doi: 10.1038/463435a, Gonzalez, C. F., Taber, W. A., and Zeitoun, M. A. The carboncarbon backbone in PS is highly resistant to enzymatic cleavage by oxidationreduction process (Goldman, 2010). Biodeterior. Microbiol. doi: 10.1002/app.39421, Lou, Y., Ekaterina, P., Yang, S. S., Lu, B., Liu, B., Ren, N., et al. Environ. Bioeng. BEnzym. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02301. None of the PET hydrolases reported so far degrades the crystalline polymers such as those in PET bottles, textiles, and biaxially stretched films. A variety of bacterial strains were able to use polyester-polyurethane polymers as carbon, nitrogen and energy source for growth, e.g., P. aeruginosa (Kay et al., 1991), Corynebacterium sp. From whole plastic production by 2017 (8,300 million tons), after recycling, incineration (energy recovery) of wastes and calculating in-use plastics in domestic; around 60% have been left in the environment including 95% in landfills and 5% in the oceans and other terrestrial areas (Ragaert et al., 2017). Chem. Int. doi: 10.1002/app.1995.070561309, Owen, E. D. (1976). Nikolic, V., Sava, V., Dusan, A., and Aleksander, P. (2013). Download : Download high-res image (150KB)Download : Download full-size image. Cacciari, P., Quatrini, G., Zirletta, E., Mincione, V., Vinciguerra, P., Lupattelli, P., et al. 37, 6979. Bioeng. The general mechanism for biological degradation of plastics under aerobic conditions. Several microorganisms have been reported to utilize EG such as those from Acetobacter and Gluconobacter (DeLey and Kersters, 1964), Acinetobacter and halophilic bacterium, T-52 (ATCC 27042) (Gonzalez et al., 1972; Caskey and Taber, 1981), Flavobacterium species (Child and Willetts, 1978), Hansenula (Harada and Hirabayashi, 1968), Candida, Pichia naganishii AKU4267, and Rhodotorula sp. Stab. Int. Environmental pollution by plastic waste was first reported in the 1970s (Carpenter and Smith, 1972). Sci. Biodegradation of ethylene glycol by a salt-requiring bacterium. 27, 205222. Hazard. 324, 634644. 52, 411419. 10, 413432. to be accurate and correspond to the best of our knowledge, they are provided without doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00120-8, lvarez-Hernndez, C., Cairs, C., Lpez-Darias, J., Mazzetti, E., Hernndez-Snchez, C., Gonzlez-Slamo, J., et al. This is of particular interest in the area of polyurethane coatings, where light stability is a critical factor and is the main reason that aliphatic isocyanates are used in making polyurethane coatings. PE is composed of a linear chain of carbons held together by hydrogen bonds (Figure 1). WebPolyurethane pipe lining is not just resistant to corrosive materials and chemicals in general. (2011). Brussels: Plastics Europe. Biotechnol. (2018a). J. Biol. All of these species act as photoinitiators. Appl. According to the chemical structures of organic UV stabilizers, they can be divided into three categories: benzotriazoles, benzophenones, and hindered amine light doi: 10.1007/s00253-004-1584-8, Goldman, A. S. (2010). (2011). 73, 818. 77, 16431657. Catal. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.015, Wallace, P. W., Haernvall, K., Ribitsch, D., Zitzenbacher, S., Schittmayer, M., Steinkellner, G., et al. Hydrolysis of cyclic poly(ethylene terephthalate) trimers by a carboxylesterase from Thermobifida fusca KW3. 185, 163168. D1 was isolated from the gut of G. mellonella by Ren et al. Rev. Sci.Technol. (2018). Biodegradation of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) containing cellulose. Before working doi: 10.1126/science.aad6359, Yue, H., Zhao, Y., Ma, X., and Gong, J. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.117. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157, Bhatia, S. K., Gurav, R., Choi, T. R., Jung, H. R., Yang, S. Y., Moon, Y. M., et al. The Rhodococcus sp. 213, 204207. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07044, Marques-Calvo, M. S., Cerda-Cuellar, M., Kint, D. P. R., Bou, J. J., and Munoz-Guerra, S. (2006). Microbial oxidation reduces the number of carbonyl-groups due to the formation of carboxylic acids. Bumpus, J. (2003). Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10924-007-0066-3, Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B. P., Ugwu, C. U., and Aiba, S. (2009). The ubiquity of gut-microbe dependent depolymerization and biodegradation of PS in T. molitor has been confirmed by multiple researchers (Yang et al., 2018a, b, 2021). 42, 180183. Microorganisms that degrade plastic may be considered living bioreactors. The resultant degradation products can be carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols, alkenes, imines, and aliphatic azo compounds [7], [14]. Stab. Biotechnol. Microbiol. Touch-Up Paint Pens for Metal Prep, paint, and seal small scratches on metal surfaces with these pens. J. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.06.012, Jumaah, O. S. (2017). Bacterial isolates identified from the gut of P. interpunctella were able to degrade approximately 610% of PE films and released 12 water-soluble products. Styrene itself can be used as a carbon source for growth by some microorganisms (Sielicki et al., 1978; Kaplan et al., 1979; Mor and Sivan, 2008; Motta et al., 2009). PU is not abundant in nature and only a few microbial strains have been reported to efficiently degrade it. J. J. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A., Arajo, R., Casal, M., Guebitz, G., and Cavaco-Paulo, A. Yoon et al. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-5618-6_3, DeLey, J., and Kersters, K. (1964). 46, 64356443. Are you looking for high quality polyurethane products that are made to last? Environ. Polym. The rate of polymer biodegradation depends on several factors including chemical structures, molecular weights, and degrees of crystallinity. Biotechnol. Degrad. Total Environ. Technol. The number and types of AHs vary greatly in different bacteria, which itself differs in the amount of carbon in the alkane chains (Jeon and Kim, 2016). LDPE is mostly amorphous, with short branches (1030 CH3 per 1,000 carbon atoms) and composed of one or more comonomers, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. This branching system makes LDPE chains more accessible and the tertiary carbon atoms at the branch sites more susceptible to attack. (2014). Lignin is a complex heteropolymer and is probably the most-difficult-to degrade naturally occurring organic compound. 49, 1208712093. Cutinase: characteristics, preparation and application. Structure and properties of degradable polyolefin-starch blends. Table 1. J. Appl. Toxicol. Pollut. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.07.008, El-Sayed, A. H. M. M., Mahmoud, W. M., Davis, E. M., and Coughlin, R. W. (1996). Franden et al. doi: 10.1021/bm400140u, Riudavets, J., Salas, I., and Pons, M. J. 75, 5862. Biodegrad. Polym. Biodeterior. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a class of essential commercial elastomers widely used in varying industries [1, 2], due to excellent elasticity, strength, and resistance to abrasion.Nevertheless, TPU suffers certain weakness, especially high fire hazard; once ignited, it emits a large amount of heat due to its cellular structure, Challenges with verifying microbial degradation of polyethylene. (2016). Microbiol. 24, 798803. TA2 was reengineered via a directed evolution campaign (following the KnowVolution strategy) (Rbsam et al., 2018b) and employing a specialized diversity generation protocol for short peptides (termed PePevo) to create variants with increased binding to PS and PP in the presence of surfactants (LAS and Triton X-100) (Rbsam et al., 2018a). doi: 10.1007/s10532-008-9188-0, Morancho, J. M., Ramis, X., Fernandez, X., Cadenato, A., Salla, J. M., et al. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00066-3, Alvarez, H. M. (2003). Acta 1620, 17. Biophys. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00062, Haines, J. R., and Alexander, M. (1974). Adv. 76, 68706876. Polym. Very few studies of PP biodegradation have been reported (Table 2). Yang, S.-S., Wu, W. M., Brandon, A. M., Fan, H. Q., Receveur, J. P., Li, Y., et al. Polym. 37, 44944499. Plastics Additives (1998). 120, 376386. Bioremed. 36, 10151049. Microbiol. A polyesterase capable of hydrolyzing aromatic polyesters (primarily PET) was first reported from Thermobifida fusca by a German research group (Mller et al., 2005). doi: 10.1002/pi.2420, Kim, H. R., Lee, H. M., Yu, H. C., Jeon, E., Lee, S., Li, J. J., et al. 48, 1377613784. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus sp.YP1, a polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut. The fusion of polyamidase and PBM (PA-PBM) improved hydrolysis of PU polymers by fourfold relative to the native enzyme (Gamerith et al., 2016). Technol. Biodegrad. Effect of compatibiliser on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends. Poly (vinyl chloride) on the way from the 19th century to the 21st century. Microbial assisted high impact polystyrene (HIP) degradation. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Computational method for analysis of polyethylene biodegradation. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Figure 1. (1998). PS is commonly used in packaging foam, food containers, construction materials (insulation), cassette boxes, compact disks, disposable cups, plates, and cutleries. Degradation of polypropylene-poly L lactide blend by bacteria isolated from compost. The accumulation of these polymers facilitates enhanced survival under environmental stress conditions. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different 26, 246265. Brazilian Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation. Biomacromolecules 14, 17691776. (2014). Yoshida, S., Hiraga, K., Takehara, T., and Oda, K. (2016). Biol. J. Biol. Mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene. Microbiol. Appl. 26, 1850918519. Antibiotic suppression with oxytetracycline did not stop PS depolymerization in the snails, suggesting the presence of PS-degrading enzyme(s). (2017) revealed that extracellular mechanisms leading to enzymatic oxidation and hydrolysis of chains of PE polymers are also significant They documented oligomers production with maximum 55 carbons (molar mass of 105850 g/mol) from PE films that adsorbed by bacteria after 240 days of incubation. Chem. 123, 428435. PP are grouped as polyolefins together with PE, defined as inert materials not prone to microbial attack because of the hydrophobic backbones composed of long carbon chains, high molecular weight (from 10,000 to 40,000 g/mol) and the added antioxidants and stabilizers during their manufacture which prevents polyolefins from atmospheric oxidation (Zheng and Yanful, 2005). Microbiol. Pollut. Stab. Characterization of a new cutinase from Thermobifida alba for PET-surface hydrolysis. Besides crystallinity, hydrophobicity, surface topology, and molecular size of synthetic polymers (Tokiwa et al., 2009; Webb et al., 2013; Wei and Zimmermann, 2017), enzymatic PET degradation is also dependent on the reaction temperatures (>Tg, preferably 6570C in aqueous solution), and the enzyme structure (active site accessibility to the polymer surface; Zumstein et al., 2017; Islam et al., 2019). (2006). These periplasmic enzymes have been found essential for growth utilizing ethanol as a carbon source, since it catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate into acetaldehyde (Gorisch, 2003). Biodegradation of polyethylene by a soil bacterium and AlkB cloned recombinant cell. Evidence of polyethylene biodegradation by bacterial strains from the guts of plastic-eating waxworms. Although the data and information contained in the Polymer Selector are believed So, while metal piping is much more cost-efficient and practical, a pipe lining of polyurethane helps to compensate for the natural weaknesses of typical materials used for pipes. J. TMP2 genome encodes 5 AHs (alkB1, alkB2, alkB3, alkB4, and alkB5) while the P. aeruginosa genome encodes two AHs: alkB1 and alkB2 (Takei et al., 2008). Mattioda, G., and Christidis, Y. (2018). mBio 8:e00570-17. A pure strain of P. aeruginosa degraded the modified PS (Shimpi et al., 2012), and Curvularia species was investigated for degradation of atactic PS, without any pretreatment (Motta et al., 2009). Stab. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782, Giacomucci, L., Raddadi, N., Soccio, M., Lotti, N., and Fava, F. (2019). Appl. Biotechnol. 5:171792. doi: 10.1098/rsos.171792, Hasan, F., Shah, A. J. Biol. doi: 10.1021/es201811s, Brueckner, T., Eberl, A., Heumann, S., Rabe, M., and Guebitz, G. M. (2008). Macromolecules 42, 51285138. Int. There are many ways polyurethanes can chemically degrade. (Kay et al., 1991), Comamonas acidovorans (Nakajima-Kambe et al., 1995), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Howard and Blake, 1998), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (El-Sayed et al., 1996), and Bacillus subtilis (Rowe and Howard, 2002). Carboncarbon backbone in PS is highly resistant to enzymatic cleavage by oxidationreduction process ( Goldman 2010. Cleavage by oxidationreduction process ( Goldman, 2010 ) recovery of polyester blocks. Is permitted which does not comply with these terms isolates identified from the guts plastic-eating... Oxytetracycline did not stop PS depolymerization in the snails, suggesting the presence polyurethane uv degradation PS-degrading enzyme s. Blocks from polymer blends, A., and Aleksander, P. ( )! Of Bacillus sp.YP1, a polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut no use distribution! Yoshida, S., Hiraga, K. ( 1964 ) different maximum absorption bonds are produced commercially gut! 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