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He knew how to involve non-Prussians in the development of his dominion, and his marriage to the Dutch Princess Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau brought some of her compatriots to Brandenburg. [193] He created the standing army and the bureaucracy Every day we present the best quotes! [300] Esteemed for their efficiency and success in battle, the Prussian army of Frederick became a model emulated by other European powers, most notably by Russia and France. Wilhelmine recorded that the two "soon became inseparable. [329] He has also been studied as a model of servant leadership in management research[330] and is held in high regard for his patronage of the arts. [286], Frederick's most notable military victories on the battlefield were the Battle of Hohenfriedberg, a tactical victory, fought during the War of Austrian Succession in June 1745;[287] the Battle of Rossbach, where Frederick defeated a combined Franco-Austrian army of 41,000 with only 21,000 soldiers (10,000 dead for the Franco-Austrian side with only 550 casualties for Prussia);[288] and the Battle of Leuthen, a follow-up victory to Rossbach[289] in which Frederick's 39,000 troops inflicted 22,000 casualties, including 12,000 prisoners, on Charles of Lorraine's Austrian force of 65,000. I shall create no more field-marshals or conductors until I can find another Schwerin and another Graun. [100] At the Battle of Lobositz he claimed a close victory against an Austrian army that was aiming to relieve Pirna,[101] but afterward withdrew his forces back to Saxony for the winter. [312] In German memory, Frederick became a great national icon and many Germans said he was the greatest monarch in modern history. [96], In 1756, Frederick attempted to forestall Britain's financing of a Russian army on Prussia's border by negotiating an alliance with Britain at the Convention of Westminster, by which Prussia would protect Hanover against French attack, and Britain would no longer subsidise Russia. Prussia was the twelfth largest country in Europe in terms of population, but its army was the fourth largest: only the armies of France, Russia and Austria were larger. [9], During his early youth, Frederick lived with his mother and sister Wilhelmine,[9] although they regularly visited their father's hunting lodge at Knigs Wusterhausen. Frederick the Great also appreciated the tranquility, the wide open spaces and the water. The defeat ended the Swedish reputation for military invincibility. There, he was defeated at the Battle of Hochkirch on 14 October, although the Austrian forces were not able to exploit their victory. If soldiers were to begin to think, not one of them would remain in the army. But he was just, intelligent, and skilled in the management of affairs it was through his efforts, through his tireless labour, that I have been able to accomplish everything that I have done since. [90] It was after the signing of the treaty that Frederick, then 33 years old, first became known as "the Great". Eventually, Frederick was forced to withdraw to Silesia as winter approached. Myth 3: Frederick William of Brandenburg introduced bureaucracy. [160] Frederick further opened Prussian control by signing an alliance with Catherine the Great who placed Stanisaw August Poniatowski, a former lover and favourite, on the Polish throne. Who really introduced the potato? But Potsdam is so much more than a mere green suburb of Berlin. In his youth, Frederick was more interested in music and philosophy than in the art of war, which led to clashes with his authoritarian father, Frederick William I of Prussia. [171], Moreover, Saxony and Russia, both of which had been Austria's allies in the Seven Years' War, were now allied with Prussia. Part of the burden was covered by the Anglo-Prussian Convention, which gave Frederick an annual 670,000 in British subsidies from 1758 till 1762. WebFrederick William III's Call for National Mobilization, "To My People" (March 17, 1813) Following Napoleons defeat in Russia in 1812, there was growing pressure in Germany for a war to expel the French. Frederick would later admit to humiliation at his abdication of command[68] and would state that Mollwitz was his school. [306], On the morning of 17 August 1786, Frederick died in an armchair in his study at Sanssouci, aged 74. 
He quickly captured Dresden, besieged the trapped Saxon army in Pirna, and continued marching the remainder of his army toward North Bohemia, intending to winter there. [1] He was born sometime between 11 and 12 p.m. on 24 January 1712 in the Berlin Palace and was baptised with the single name Friedrich by Benjamin Ursinus von Br on 31 January. Frederick also promoted the use of German instead of Latin in the field of law, as in the legal document Project des Corporis Juris Fridericiani (Project of the Frederician Body of Laws), which was written in German with the aim of being clear and easily understandable. His views resulted in his condemnation by the anti-revolutionary French Jesuit, Augustin Barruel. [11] Frederick and his sisters were brought up by a Huguenot governess and tutor and learned French and German simultaneously. [44] Later, Frederick regarded this time as one of the happiest of his life. According to Luh, this information hails from preliminary work of 19th-century historiography which was seeking a founding father for Germany. [278] Other intellectuals attracted to the philosopher's kingdom were Francesco Algarotti, d'Argens, and Julien Offray de La Mettrie. [273], When Frederick ascended the throne in 1740, he reinstituted the Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin Academy), which his father had closed down as an economy measure. [130], By 1761, both the Austrian and Prussian military forces were so exhausted that no major battles were fought between them. Frederick William's efforts, however, were not primarily directed at the progress of his geographically dispersed territory but were self-serving. [39], In 1732, Frederick was restored to the Prussian Army as Colonel of the Regiment von der Goltz, stationed near Nauen and Neuruppin. [200], In contrast to his devoutly Calvinist father, Frederick was a religious sceptic, who has been described as a deist. When Gotzkowsky asked for a deferral during the Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763, Frederick took over his porcelain factory, now known as KPM. The situation is summed up in a widely translated and quoted aphorism attributed to Mirabeau, who asserted in 1786 that "La Prusse n'est pas un pays qui a une arme, c'est une arme qui a un pays"[50] ("Prussia was not a state in possession of an army, but an army in possession of a state"). [33] Frederick wrote to his sister that, "There can be neither love nor friendship between us",[34] and he threatened suicide,[35] but he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733. I have never persecuted anyone from this or any other sect; I think, however, it would be prudent to pay attention, so that their numbers do not increase. Luh also doubts that Brandenburg had a functioning bureaucratic apparatus at the end of Frederick William's reign in 1688 as other historians have argued. [226], Frederick's interest in land reclamation may have resulted from his upbringing. He reformed the judicial system and made it possible for men of lower status to become judges and senior bureaucrats. [315], Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazis glorified Frederick as a precursor to Adolf Hitler and presented Frederick as holding out hope that another miracle would again save Germany at the last moment. [227], Frederick founded the first veterinary school in Prussia. [231] He was also a talented musician and composer in his own right, playing the transverse flute,[232] as well as composing 121 sonatas for flute and continuo, four concertos for flute and strings, four sinfonias,[233] three military marches and seven arias. Frederick was a supporter of enlightened absolutism, stating that the ruler should be the first servant of the state. [136] With the threat to his eastern borders over, and France also seeking peace after its defeats by Britain, Frederick was able to fight the Austrians to a stalemate and finally brought them to the peace table. If you try to hold everything, you hold nothing. [2] The birth was welcomed by his grandfather, FrederickI, as his two previous grandsons had both died in infancy. [257] He also disliked the German language,[258] thinking it was inharmonious and awkward. 
Among them were craftsmen, builders and merchants. The more I see of men, the better I like my dog. Webwilson funeral home louisa, ky obituaries; irs special agent knowledge and skills exam; hirequest employee web portal; what is the nba's motivation to expand globally WebFrederick William, German Friedrich Wilhelm known as the Great Elector, (born Feb. 16, 1620, Clln, near Berlindied May 9, 1688, Potsdam), Elector of Brandenburg (164088) who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the Thirty Years War. Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Royal Prussia from the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. [94] During the ten years of peace that followed the signing of the Treaty of Dresden, Frederick also prepared to defend his claim on Silesia by further fortifying the province and expanding his army,[95] as well as reorganising his finances. To stop Joseph II's attempts to acquire Bavaria, Frederick enlisted the help of the Electors of Hanover and Saxony along with several other minor German princes. He allowed the association to be titled "royal" and have its seat at the Knigsberg Castle, but he does not seem to have taken much interest in the work of the society. In his biography Der Grosse Kurfrst (The Great Elector, 2020), historian Jrgen Luh views the traditional image of the ruler with skepticism. [69] Disappointed with the performance of his cavalry, whose training his father had neglected in favour of the infantry, Frederick spent much of his time in Silesia establishing a new doctrine for them. He would restore its fortunes, win its independence and build a powerful, extended state, centred on Berlin, which by the 1670s was strong enough to be chief mover in the league of protestant and imperial forces against Louis XIV. Prussia greatly increased its territories and became a major military power in Europe under his rule. The capital of Berlin-Clln looked more like a poor provincial town than a regal capital. At his accession the scattered lands of the Hohenzollern were devastated and depopulated by the Thirty Years War and occupied by Swedish troops. By 1770, after two decades of punishing war alternating with intervals of peace, Frederick had doubled the size of the huge army he had inherited. [192] However, the fixed ratio between gold and silver led to the gold coins being perceived as more valuable, which caused them to leave circulation in Prussia. 
[73] The Austrians counter-attacked on 17 May 1742, initiating the Battle of Chotusitz. [151] By 1752, he had prepared the ground for the partition of PolandLithuania, aiming to achieve his goal of building a territorial bridge between Pomerania, Brandenburg, and his East Prussian provinces. Ihr Machtkampf spaltete das Reich", "Chapter I: What a Strong Prince Really is, and How One Can Reach That Point", "Of Manners, Customs, Industry, and the Progress of the Human Understanding in the Arts and Sciences", International Music Score Library Project, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_the_Great&oldid=1148190614, German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession, German military personnel of the Seven Years' War, People of the War of the Bavarian Succession, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 16:32. He was also close to nature and issued decrees to protect plants. 
[252] He was educated by French tutors,[253] and almost all the books in his library, which covered topics as diverse as mathematics, art, politics, the classics, and literary works by 17th century French authors, were written in French. WebFrederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great Northern War [272], As a great patron of the arts, Frederick was a collector of paintings and ancient sculptures; his favourite artist was Jean-Antoine Watteau. [163], Frederick undertook the exploitation of Polish territory under the pretext of an enlightened civilising mission that emphasised the supposed cultural superiority of Prussian ways. [102] When the Saxon forces in Pirna finally capitulated in October 1756, Frederick forcibly incorporated them into his own army. 
[158] Soon Protestants were barred from public offices and the Sejm (Polish Parliament). Frederick William was a God-fearing man who stood up for his Calvinist faith and wanted his branch of Christianity to be treated the same way as the Catholic or Lutheran branches. [283], Napoleon Bonaparte saw the Prussian king as a military commander of the first rank;[284] after Napoleon's victory over the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he visited Frederick's tomb in Potsdam and remarked to his officers, "Gentlemen, if this man were still alive I would not be here". These works, which were often completed in collaboration with Graun,[d] included the operas Coriolano (1749), Silla (1753), Montezuma (1755), and Il tempio d'Amore (1756). Shoe designers fashioning a trans-inclusive Argentina, Alexander von Humboldt: A 19th century German home story, The legal drama of Germany's ex-royals, the Hohenzollern family, Germany's palaces are major tourist attractions, but where did all the kings and queens go? WebQUOTES. [327] However, the originality of his achievements remains a topic of debate,[328] as many were based on developments already under way. WebFrederick William, known as the Great Elector, 162088, elector of Brandenburg (164088), son and successor of George William. No one can be great, or good, or happy except through the inward efforts of themselves. [143] This debasement of the currency helped Frederick cover over 20 per cent of the cost of the war, but at the price of causing massive inflation and economic upheaval throughout the region. Keith was intelligent, but without education. [84] Now able to focus solely on Frederick's army, the Austrians, who were reinforced by the Saxons, crossed the mountains to invade Silesia. [18] When Frederick William heard rumours of their relationship, Keith was sent away to an unpopular regiment near the Dutch frontier. [114] In 1758 Frederick once more took the initiative by invading Moravia. Because he died childless, he was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick WilliamII. [219], Frederick's religious views were sometimes criticised. His sense of aesthetics can be seen in the picture gallery at Sanssouci, which presents architecture, painting, sculpture and the decorative arts as a unified whole. In this respect, he was not very tolerant. Every man has a wild beast within him. [133], The sudden death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia in January 1762 led to the succession of the Prussophile PeterIII, her German nephew, who was also the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. At the beginning of his regency in 1640, the Thirty Years' War had already been underwayfor 22 years and the territory was ravaged. The terms of the Treaty of Breslau between Austria and Prussia, negotiated in June 1742, gave Prussia all of Silesia and Glatz County, with the Austrians retaining only the portion called Austrian or Czech Silesia. [185] Working with his Grand Chancellor Samuel von Cocceji, he reformed the judicial system and made it more efficient, and he moved the courts toward greater legal equality of all citizens by removing special courts for special social classes. In spite of his father's desire that his education be entirely religious and pragmatic, the young Frederick developed a preference for music, literature, and French culture. Known as "the Great Elector," he is still considered one of the most important German rulers. [189] The coin eventually became universally accepted beyond Prussia and helped increase industry and trade. [154] Frederick himself was partly responsible for this weakness by opposing attempts at financial and political reform in Poland,[149] and undermining the Polish economy by inflating its currency by his use of Polish coin dies. [213] Frederick was also less tolerant of Catholicism in his occupied territories. [Die Religionen mssen alle toleriert werden denn hier muss ein jeder nach seiner Fasson selig werden.]. vw transporter t6 fuse box location; how to unregister blink camera without account; Ecommerce; extremely young girls sex. [221] He told Voltaire, "Whoever improves the soil, cultivates land lying waste and drains swamps, is making conquests from barbarism". [157] Poland was predominantly Roman Catholic, but approximately ten per cent of Poland's population, 600,000 Eastern Orthodox and 250,000 Protestants, were non-Catholic dissenters. [317] Throughout World War II, Hitler often compared himself to Frederick the Great,[318] and he kept a copy of Anton Graff's portrait of Frederick with him to the end in the Fhrerbunker in Berlin. [279] He frequently led his military forces personally and had a number of horses shot from under him during battle. One of Peter III's first diplomatic endeavours was to seek a Prussian title; Frederick obliged. Frederick WilliamI had left him with a highly militarised state. I am on horseback when other men would be flat out on their beds, complaining. He was surprised by the arrival of an Austrian army, which he fought at the Battle of Mollwitz on 10 April 1741. [153], Poland was vulnerable to partition due to poor governance, as well as the interference of foreign powers in its internal affairs. His Majesty was brought up on beer, and so were both his ancestors and officers. At a higher level Maupertuis, director of the Berlin Academy from 1746 to 1759 and a monarchist, argued that the action of individuals was shaped by the character of the institution that contained them, and they worked for the glory of the state. [323] For example, immediately after World War II images of Prussia were removed from public spaces,[324] including Frederick's equestrian statue on the Unter den Linden, but in 1980 his statue was once more re-erected on its original location. After their separation, he would only see her on state occasions. [117], During the 1759 campaign, the Austrian and Russian forces took the initiative, which they kept for the remainder of the war. Born in Berlin on Feb. 16, 1620, Frederick William was the only son of Elector George William and Elizabeth Charlotte of the About 1,200 new villages were founded in his reign. 
WebDriving over the heavy snow and several frozen lakes, Frederick managed to drive deep into the flanks and rear of the escaping Swedish force, denying them access to the coast and their navy, which would have allowed them to resupply or escape. Frederick Wilhelm thought these interests were effeminate,[12] as they clashed with his militarism, resulting in his frequent beating and humiliation of Frederick. Both the wall panelling of the galleries and the diamond shapes of the floor consist of white and yellow marble. Frederick the Great. Improve yourself, find your inspiration, share with friends. [64] It also prevented AugustusIII, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, from seeking to connect his own disparate lands through Silesia. [15], At age 16, Frederick formed an attachment to the king's 17-year-old page, Peter Karl Christoph von Keith. 
", Read more:Alexander von Humboldt: A 19th century German home story, Myth 2: He earned the title of 'the Great Elector'. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Tensions eased slightly when Frederick William visited Kstrin a year later, and Frederick was allowed to visit Berlin on the occasion of his sister Wilhelmine's marriage to Margrave Frederick of Bayreuth on 20 November 1731. [296], Much of the structure of the more modern German General Staff owed its existence and extensive structure to Frederick, along with the accompanying power of autonomy given to commanders in the field. [242] He also attempted to broaden access to opera by making admission to it free. WebIn short, Frederick William I concerned himself with every aspect of his relatively small country, ruling an absolute monarchy with great energy and skill. He also had a violent temper and ruled Brandenburg-Prussia with absolute authority. [196] He commissioned Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky to promote the trade and to take on the competition with France put a silk factory where soon 1,500 people found employment. [144] Saxony, occupied by Prussia for most of the conflict, was left nearly destitute as a result. He granted her the Schnhausen Palace and apartments at the Berliner Stadtschloss, but he prohibited Elisabeth Christine from visiting his court in Potsdam. She was a better economist than her husband and knew how to spend her money wisely, and generate income. His religious tolerance was initially directed at his own fellow believers and he thus placed Calvinists above others. He could not be king of Brandenburg as this [148], Frederick sought to acquire and economically exploit Polish Prussia as part of his wider aim of enriching his kingdom. Frederick the Great. He increased the freedom of speech in press and literature,[183] abolished most uses of judicial torture,[184] and reduced the number of crimes that could be punished by the death sentence. In 1752 he wrote to his sister Wilhelmine that people indifferent to loyal animals would not be devoted to their human comrades either, and that it was better to be too sensitive than too harsh. (19.07.2019), Those who find Berlin too hectic tend to move to Potsdam. Are there any princes or princesses left in Germany? 
[156], Frederick also used Poland's religious dissension to keep the kingdom open to Prussian control. [163] His long-term goal was to remove the Poles through Germanisation, which included appropriating Polish Crown lands and monasteries,[167] introducing a military draft, encouraging German settlement in the region, and implementing a tax policy that disproportionately impoverished Polish nobles. The pair undermined the relationship between the British and Prussian courts using bribery and slander. [146] During this time, Frederick also suffered a number of personal losses. [127] He won a marginal victory at the Battle of Torgau on 3 November,[128] which secured Berlin from further raids. In 1739, Frederick finished his Anti-Machiavel, an idealistic rebuttal of Machiavelli. In the course of the fighting, Frederick's cavalry was disorganised by a charge of the Austrian horse. Frederick also encouraged immigrants of various nationalities and faiths to come to Prussia, although he enacted oppressive measures against Catholics in Silesia and Polish Prussia. He became known as Frederick the Great (German: Friedrich der Groe) and was nicknamed "Old Fritz" (German: "Der Alte Fritz"). [142] He also debased the coinage of Saxony and Poland. [23], Soon after his relationship with Keith ended, Frederick became close friends with Hans Hermann von Katte, a Prussian officer several years older than Frederick who became one of his boon companions and may have been his lover. [29] Rather than being permitted to return to Berlin, he was forced to remain in Kstrin and began rigorous schooling in statecraft and administration for the War and Estates Departments. Diplomacy without military might is like music without instruments. In January 1750, Johann Philipp Graumann was appointed as Frederick's confidential adviser on finance, military affairs, and royal possessions, as well as the Director-General of all mint facilities. [261] He suggested that it could eventually equal its rivals, but this would require a complete codification of the German language, the emergence of talented German authors and extensive patronage of the arts by Germanic rulers. [112], In the remaining years of the war, Frederick faced a coalition of enemies including Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and the Holy Roman Empire,[113] supported only by Great Britain and its allies Hesse, Brunswick, and Hanover. [145] While Prussia lost no territory, the population and army were severely depleted by constant combat and invasions by Austria, Russia and Sweden. He was titled King in Prussia because his kingdom included only part of historic Prussia; he was to declare himself King of Prussia after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. 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